This week marks 100 years since the
Christmas truce of 1914—which is usually dismissed as a minor episode of the
First World War, sanitized as a celebration across all the ranks, or used as a commercial to sell chocolate.
But the accounts of soldiers themselves show that it was widespread and in some
places long-lasting, driven by rank-and-file soldiers and only stopped through
repression from the higher command.
A century ago
the imperial competition that had produced a scramble for colonies drove Western
powers against each other. They each demonized the other side and claimed it
would be a short war over by Christmas. But over the new few months the
soldiers sent to die for the Empire experienced the brutal reality of trench
warfare. Knee deep in mud, fighting frostbite and trench foot, soldiers shot and were shot at by people just like them, at close quarters.
Prelude
Governments had ignored the Pope's call for a one-day truce, and when it came it was not a “Christmas miracle” that simply materialized
on December 25. Instead the truce emerged from the trenches themselves in the
weeks leading up to the holiday, as minor episodes of fraternization amongst
ordinary soldiers began to multiply—including breakfast truces, shooting
matches, exchanging items and sharing songs. As one soldier wrote, “On a quiet
night we used to sing to each other…Then an officer of one side or the other
would come and stop it by ordering a few rounds of fire. We used to be sporting
and fire high with the first round.”
As early as
December 2, General Smith-Dorien wrote about the “danger” of the emerging
friendship: “Weird stories come in from the trenches about fraternizing with
the Germans. They shout to each other and offer to exchange certain articles
and give certain information…There is a danger of opposing troops becoming too
friendly…I therefore intend to issue instructions to my Corps not to fraternize
in any way whatever with the enemy.”
A few days later
he wrote instructions trying to prevent an outbreak of peace, so the
slaughterhouse of war could continue: “Troops in trenches in close proximity to
the enemy slide very easily, if permitted to do so, into a ‘live and let live’
theory of life. Understandings—amounting almost to unofficial armistices—grow
up between our troops and the enemy, with a view to making life easier, until
the sole object of war becomes obscured, and officers and men sink into a
military lethargy from which it is difficult to arouse them when the moment for
great sacrifices again arises…Friendly intercourse with the enemy, unofficial armistice
(eg ‘we won’t fire if you don’t, etc) and the exchange of tobacco and other
comforts, however tempting and occasionally amusing they may be, are absolutely
prohibited.”
Truce
But, contrary to
military orders, that’s exactly what happened—though in an unorganized and
uneven way that shaped its outcome. As Malcolm Brown and Shirley Seaton document in their detailed
account, Christmas Truce, “It was
possible for a battalion to be completely unaware as to whether its
near-neighbours were or were not taking part in a truce, so that what happened
on Christmas Day was not, so to speak, a contagion of goodwill spreading along
the line, but a series of individual initiatives at a very considerable number
of places and times…The Christmas truce held—to a greater or lesser extent—over
more than two-thirds of the British-held sector; but elsewhere Christmas came and
went leaving little trace.”
As early as
December 20 in some places, soldiers used the holidays to put down their
weapons and bury the bodies littered across No Man’s Land. By interacting with
each other, working class soldiers discovered they shared much in common. As a British soldier
wrote, “one of the two Germans jocularly remarking that he hoped the war would
end soon, as he wanted to return to his former job as a taxi-driver in
Birmingham.” Some remarked that “the papers had been responsible for the whole
war,” and that “the Germans are just as tired of the war as we are, and said
they should not fire again until we did.”
At its height
100,000 troops participated in the truce. German, French, Belgian and British soldiers
(including troops from India) exchanged music, gifts, played games and took
photographs, and held up Christmas trees—a German tradition that was in the
process of spreading across Europe. “We achieved what the Pope himself could
not do and in the middle of the war we had a merry Christmas,” one soldier
wrote.
Restoring “order”
While some
officers were ambivalent about the truce, others quickly tried to stop the
“dangerous” peace. As one officer wrote, “Hearing of the fraternization I
hastened to the scene to investigate, and found the whole of No Man’s Land
crowded with our men and the Germans amicably intermixed…For a moment I gazed
at the curious sight, and then realized how absolutely wrong and dangerous it
was, and decided to stop it.”
But
the truce did not end so easily. As a frustrated General Smith-Dorien claimed,
the only path to peace was more war: “Any orders I issue on the subject are
useless, as I have issued the strictest orders that on no account is
intercourse to be allowed between the opposing troops. To finish this war
quickly, we must keep up the fighting spirit and do all we can to discourage
friendly intercourse. I am calling for particulars as to names of officers and
units who took part in this Christmas gathering, with a view to disciplinary
action.”
Far from being a
“war for freedom and democracy,” WWI was not only launched to defend colonialism but it only continued by repressing the troops sent to
fight. It was not human nature but military discipline that enforced the war. French
officers replaced some of their soldiers who refused to shoot, while German
officers threatened some of their soldiers with the death penalty. But even
then, some soldiers did what they could to resist—in a tragic last effort to
maintain peace. According to one account, “The difficulty began on the 26th,
when the order to fire was given, for the men struck…Finally, the officers
turned on the men with ‘Fire, or we do—and not at the enemy!’ Not a shot had
come from the other side, but at last they fired, and an answering fire came
back, but not a man fell. ‘We spent that day and the next,’ said Herr Lange,
‘wasting ammunition in trying to shoot the stars down from the sky.’”
On December 29,
the German army issued an order forbidding all fraternization, which would be
considered high treason (which carries the death penalty). But still ordinary
soldiers tried to maintain peace with their real comrades on the other side of
the trenches. As a German message to the British trenches said, “Dear
Camarades, I beg to inform you that is forbidden us to go out to you, but we
will remain your comrades. If we shall be forced to fire we will fire too
high.”
As Brown and
Seaton document, “In certain sectors the mood inspired by the events of
Christmas lingered on with incredible stubbornness… It can reasonably be
claimed that the Christmas truce lasted in places almost to Easter, but there
is also little doubt that by Easter it was over and done with, consigned to
history, a thing of the past. The long truce was finally broken, after a little
over a hundred days.”
From spontaneity to organization
The Christmas
truce came only five months into a 52 month war that killed 10 million soldiers
and 7 million civilians; if soldiers had succeeded in maintaining the peace
they would have saved millions of lives. But they were unorganized and up
against a military command that used threats of execution to restore order. As
the German army commanded in the lead up to Christmas 1915: “Any attempt at
fraternizing with the enemy (agreement not to fire, mutual visits, exchange of
news, etc) such as occurred last year at Christmas and New Year at several
points on the Western Front, is strictly forbidden; this crime will be
considered as verging on high treason. General HQ have issued instructions,
dated the 12th December, that fire will be opened on every man who
leaves the trench and moves in the direction of the enemy without orders, as
well as on every French soldier who does not make it clear that he is a
deserter.”
It took three
more years of slaughter for the spontaneous instinct of the truce to become an
organized opposition to war—including mutinies in the French army in April
1917, a revolution in Russia in October 1917 and a revolution in Germany in
November 1918 (which gave us
Remembrance Day). Similar organization—outside and inside the
military—ended the Vietnam War, as a panicked US Colonel wrote in the Armed
Forces Journal in 1971: “By
every conceivable indicator, our army that now remains in Vietnam is in a state
approaching collapse… Widespread conditions among American forces in Vietnam
that have only been exceeded in this century by the French Army’s Nivelle
mutinies of 1917 and the collapse of the Tsarist armies in 1916 and 1917.”
The centenary of
the Christmas truce reminds us of the real roots of war, the potential resistance
from rank-and-file soldiers, and the importance of an organized anti-war
movement. This holiday season support war
resisters and the campaign for Peace &
Prosperity not War & Austerity. And for a holiday movie watch Joyeux Noel:
